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MANGROVE RESTORATION - 1

Our research findings are used as a foundation and basis of our works in addressing climate change, environmental protection and green sustainable development. 

The findings provide qualified and reliable information to take informed decision for the project to pass carbon- and CCB/SDG certifications, and for scientific publications. The carbon research and CCB study in our project sites show a strong correlation between carbon, climate, biodiversity, environment, and livelihoods impacts.

The objective of the research on carbon accounting is to measure the dynamic rate of carbon sequestration, the carbon stocks and growth parameters of the researched areas. The research activity will replicate the carbon accounting methodology implemented in North Sumatra. The study is conducted using a non-destructive method that calculates ecosystem carbon sequestration of serial age restored mangroves and agroforestry species estimated by allometries. Our carbon research in 2014-2015 research has been published in the international journals.

The challenges of this study are the innovation of carbon accounting methodology and accountability value will be in conformity with national and international standards. The carbon sequestration data from this research can be used as an updated reference for GHG emission reductions and CO2 removals. The research findings will provide accurate, qualified and reliable information to Yagasu’s blue carbon- and agroforestry carbon projects because the projects are conducted in the nearby carbon research locations.  The carbon sequestration data resulted from the research will also be important for carbon certification decisions to pass Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS) validation and verification. Now, most carbon claims are still using the lowest conservative- or default values, and are not based on updated research findings.

Mangrove carbon accounting

The vegetation biomass components in mangrove ecosystem can be quantified through Destructive Method. The biomass pools include 1) Above Ground Biomass (AGB) that consist of i) leaf, flower and fruit, ii) twig, iii) branch, iv) stem, v) stump and above ground prop-roots; and 2) Below Ground Biomass (BGB) that consist of below ground prop-roots. The Ecosystem Carbon Stock (ECS) = Vegetation Carbon Stock (VC) + Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) Stock.

Study sites

Data for ecosystem carbon sequestration of different age restored mangroves are collected at selected villages. The geographic boundaries that represent each mangrove age are defined at the beginning of research activities. The research team will provide the geographic coordinates of lands (including sub-tidal mangrove ecosystem: pond, riverbank and coastline).

The GIS analysis of research sites will facilitate accurate delineation of the research area. The areas are divided into pond- and riverbank/ coastline mangrove sub-ecosystems. Serial data on species composition, vegetation structure, growth parameters (stem diameter and tree height) for biomass and carbon estimation and soil samplings, and sediment factors (soil texture, soil particles – % clay, silt, and sand, soil temperature (0C), Redox-ORP, salinity (ppt) and soil pH) are collected at the research sites.

Biomass and carbon measurement

Serial ages of restored mangroves are studied through non-destructive method. The tree growth data are collected based on serial ages (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30 and 40 years old) of mangroves living man-made sub-ecosystem in the ponds and natural sub-ecosystem in the river-banks/coastlines. Species composition and vegetation structure of each transect are recorded. Stem diameter at 30 cm above the highest prop-roots (D30) is measured in which each multi-stemmed tree is treated individually. The height of each tree from the land-base to the top of canopy (H) is also measured.

The aboveground and belowground biomass of each mangrove species are estimated by two allometric equations based on diameter (D30) and quadratic diameter–tree height (D302 H) variables and then the results are compared. Data on aboveground biomass (AGB, kg) representing each tree age are calibrated into carbon stocks (AGC, MgC ha-1). Conversion Biomass to Vegetation Carbon Stock (VCSt) = (((0,47*ABG)+(0,39*BGG))*Number of trees per ha)/1000.

Soil sampling

Five plots are established along randomly transects in which each non-destructive plot was sized 100 m2 (5.64 m radius of circle). Soil samples are collected using soil auger at the 0 – 15 cm; 15 – 30 cm; 30 – 50 cm; 50 – 100 cm and 100 – 200 cm soil depth. Each soil carbon sampling is accompanied by measurement of its parent material. The soil sample (30 – 50 g) is taken at a thickness of 5 cm in the soil column at the mid-range estimate of each depth of soil (an example: 5-10 cm column range representing a depth range of 0-15 cm). Each soil sample is placed on an aluminum bowl then it is labeled with sampling location, plot code, soil depth, date and other related information. The collected sample is then dried in an oven at 600°C for 48 hours to keep the mass constant and then sealed in a vacuum plastic to slow down microbial activity. Each dried soil sample is analyzed at the laboratory for the determination of soil density and carbon content analysis.

Carbon and Biodiversity Research Unit (CBRU)

Yagasu managed CBRU in 10 ha secondary mangrove forest in North Sumatra since 2009. Yagasu established permanent 21 plots using “systematic sampling with random start” for long-term carbon and biodiversity monitoring at CBRU. Each sampling plot consist of 4 permanent poles that form a square of 20 x 20 m. Yagasu hired local communities to oversight, monitor and guard the CBRU through weekly patrol and monitoring activity.

The target of carbon monitoring included tree growth and soil samples and then to be analysed for carbon stocks. While the biodiversity monitoring included new growth of mangrove species, mammals, reptiles, amphibian, fishes, birds and macro-benthos and other biological parameters. There are 9 species mangroves routinely being monitored, such as Avicennia alba, A. marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera parviflora, Bruguiera sexangula, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa and Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata. Moreover, the monitoring of fauna include 21 species birds, 6 species amphibians and reptiles, 5 species mammals, 17 species fishes, 9 invertebrates (crab, shrimp, king crab, cuttlefish, jellyfish), and 23 species macro-zoo-benthos (shell, snail, worm). Special attention was given to the 2 species of birds that are globally endangered according to IUCN red-list, such as Rhopodytes sumatranus (Chestnut-bellied Malkoha) and Cyornis turcosus (Malaysian Blue Flycatcher).

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

The students and green teachers used the CBRU as field laboratory for biological and environmental studies. The university students from local universities also conducted various research for their thesis. Our consultants, research and experts on carbon, climate and biodiversity have also involved in teaching and conducting research at CBRU. Regular data collection from this site is important to understand the growth and evolution of mangrove carbon and biodiversity evolution in the mangrove ecosystem.

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

R&D on green products. The project facilitated local communities to proceed mangrove resources for foods and beverages: Soneratia spp for syrup, jam and candy-jelly; Avicennia spp for various cakes and cookies; Nypa fruticans for pudding, palm-sugar, vinegar and tobacco paper; Acanthus ilicifolius for herbal tea; and Bruguiera gymnorhiza as rice mixed supplement. Based on our proximate analysis of Avicennia marina consist of protein (4.83%), fat (0.24%), carbohydrate (25.25%), amylase (17%), water (37.15%) and vitamin C (70.6 mg). Mangrove fruits consist of bioactive compounds: alkaloid, flavonoid, phenol, terpenoid, steroid, saponin and tannin. Moreover, Yagasu also conducted join-research on the use of mangroves for the natural colour of organic batik. Working in collaboration with Muhammadiyah University in Malang, Yagasu conducted R&D on mangrove and coastal food processing. The combined mangrove fruits and fishery products are developed as a granule rice. This high protein and non-gluten rice will be distributed to the villages for anti-stunting foods for poor families.

Collaborative research

Yagasu in collaboration with Global Mangrove Trust (GMT), Oxford University and KUMI – Singapore conducted research on ground-check data collection using the space-based machine learning Kumi Analytics Carbon Sequestration Assessment Tool (KACSAT). The research area was 2,305 hectares using KACSAT’s 1-metre scale, located between coordinates 04°04’30” – 04°16’30″N and 98°06’30” – 98°14’30″E in the North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This join project is called OxCarbon Standard under the Agreement 001-OxC. The 001-OxC baseline procedure was commenced in June 2021 with the signing of MOUs with village and forest department representatives in Medan to kickstart forest research campaigns. The 001-OxC project aims to conserve and regenerate coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests and marine coastal areas. The project actively supports nature-based solutions to the climate crisis and fortifies sustainable long-term livelihoods for coastal communities.

Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 10(1): 1-19, 2022
DOI: 10.13189/ujar.2022.100101

Ecosystem Carbon Stocks of Restored Mangroves and Its Sequestration in Northern Sumatra Coast, Indonesia

Bambang Suprayogi 1,*, J. Purbopuspito 2, Meilinda Suriani Harefa 3, G. Y. Panjaitan 4, Z. Nasution 5

http://www.hrpub.org 

Article-21

Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. Vol. 22 (2) : 2020 : 135-151
© Global Science Publications
ISSN-0972-3005

Vegetation Carbon Stocks Of 2 – 12 Year Restored Mangroves In Northern Sumatra Coast

Bambang Suprayogi 1, Soemarno 2, E. Yuli 3, D. Arfiati 4, J. Purbopuspito 5, G.Y. Panjaitan 6, Meilinda S Harefa 7 And Zulkifli Nasution 8

BIODIVERSITAS
Volume 23, Number 2, February 2022
Pages: 655-662

Mangrove species diversity and carbon stock in silvofishery ponds in Deli Serdang District, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Meilinda Suriani Harefa 1,2,©, Zulkifli Nasution 3, Miswar Budi Mulya 4, Azhar Maksum 5

ISSN: 1412-033X
E-ISSN: 2085-4722
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d230206

Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 10(3): 249-265, 2022 
DOI: 10.13189/ujar.2022.100307

Silvofishery: In What Mangrove Coverage Condition Can this System Provide Benefits for the Community?

Meilinda Suriani Harefa1,*, Zulkifli Nasution2, Miswar Budi Mulya3, Azhar Maksum4

http://www.hrpub.org 

https://jurnal.unimed.ac.id/2012/index.php/tgeo/article/view/47945
https://doi.org/10.24114/tgeo.v12i1.47945 (Vol. 12 No. 1 – 2023)
e-ISSN: 2622-9528 p-ISSN: 2301-606X

Estimation of Carbon Stocks on Mangrove Forests at Pulau Kampai Using
Destructive and Nondestructive Methods

Anton Syahputra Siregar1*, Zulkifli Nasution2 , Rahmawaty3

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